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Proxy (climate)
In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"),〔(Bruckner, Monica. "Paleoclimatology: How Can We Infer Past Climates?" )〕 climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct measurements to enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions that prevailed during much of the Earth's history. As reliable modern records of climate only began in the 1880s, proxies provide a means for scientists to use proxy methods to determine climatic patterns before record-keeping began.
Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems. The character of deposition or rate of growth of the proxies' material has been influenced by the climatic conditions of the time in which they were laid down or grew. Chemical traces produced by climatic changes, such as quantities of particular isotopes, can be recovered from proxies. Some proxies, such as gas bubbles trapped in ice, enable traces of the ancient atmosphere to be recovered and measured directly to provide a history of fluctuations in the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. To produce the most precise results, systematic cross-verification between proxy indicators is necessary for accuracy in readings and record-keeping.〔("Climate Change 2001: 2.3.2.1 Palaeoclimate proxy indicators." )〕
Proxies can be combined to produce temperature reconstructions longer than the instrumental temperature record and can inform discussions of global warming. The distribution of proxy records, just like the instrumental record, is strongly non-uniform, with more records in the northern hemisphere.〔("Borehole Temperatures Confirm Global Warming Pattern." )〕
==Proxies==
(詳細はMost proxy records have to be calibrated against independent temperature measurements during their period of overlap, to estimate the relationship between temperature and the proxy. The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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